They convert electrical energy to a changing magnetic field and then they convert that magnetic field back to electrical energy.
A transformer only works with alternating current because only a changing magnetic field induces a current in a wire. If a static magnetic field induced a current, then permanent magnets would be like a battery that never went dead.
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A transformer consists of two coils of wire which share a common magnetic flux which passes through the coils. The flux is usually contained and guided by a ferromagnetic core. Current in either wire creates the common flux in proportion to its current, and the voltage across the leads of either coil equals the time rate of change of the flux times the number of turns in that coil. That’s how the current in one coil effects the voltage and, therefore, current in the other. You need a time varying current to induce a voltage because of the time rate of change dependence on the flux.
Mutual induction. This image demonstrates the basic principle:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/co…
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